Conotoxins of the O-superfamily affecting voltage-gated sodium channels

The venoms of predatory cone snails harbor a rich repertoire of peptide toxins that are valuable research tools, but recently have also proven to be useful drugs. Among the conotoxins with several disulfide bridges, the O-superfamily toxins are characterized by a conserved cysteine knot pattern: C-C-CC-C-C. While ω-conotoxins and κ-conotoxins block Ca²⁺ and K⁺ channels, respectively, the closely related δ- and μO-conotoxins affect voltage-gated Na⁺ channels (Na_v channels). δ-conotoxins mainly remove the fast inactivation of Na_v channels and, thus, functionally resemble long-chain scorpion α-toxins. μO-conotoxins are functionally similar to μ-conotoxins, since they inhibit the ion flow through Na_v channels. Recent results from functional and structural assays have gained insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms. Both types of toxins are voltage-sensor toxins interfering with the voltage-sensor elements of Na_v channels. Received 27 December 2006; received after revision 30 January 2007; accepted 19 February 2007     

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电信号的频率是主要参数之一，对它的测量很重要，方法也很多。目前绝大多数采用数字式硬件电路来完成。但由于２８０—ＣＰＵ微处理器运算速度快，控制能力强，据测频原理，可采用软件秒脉冲和软硬件计数器来实现对频率的测量，为ＴＰ８０１单板机增加了测量功能，可一机多用。     

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